How present are the challenges of environmental issues and climate change in the media in Turkey? Is there a sense of urgency?
Unfortunately, environmental and climate issues do not get much coverage in Turkey. Politics is always at the top of the agenda – and environmental and climate issues are not considered political. Politics means everything in Turkey and life, laws, and many vital issues change according to the winning party in political elections. In a country where politics is so important, the news is usually filled with information on politics and political personalities. This reduces the visibility of other problems in the country. Among these other problems, environmental issues are usually at the bottom of the political and news agendas. Of course, in recent years, there have been independent media organisations that care about and prioritise environmental issues under the name of alternative media, but I still think it is insufficient. But the climate crisis is one of the biggest and most urgent problems that needs to be seen. However, in Turkey, the climate crisis is still treated as if it is a problem that exists far away. What gives me hope is that there are colleagues in the media who persistently continue to report on the climate crisis and the environment.
What is the situation for journalists writing about environmental problems? What risks do they face and how vulnerable are they when reporting unpleasant outlooks and current environmental exploitation? Are they taken seriously?
Me and my colleagues working in the field of the environment, urban, and climate issues in Turkey are confronted with many challenges. In general, most journalists in Turkey currently face many obstacles and problems such as the dire economic situation which puts financial pressure on journalists and prevents media organisations from sustaining themselves, as well as the restrictions of freedom of press and freedom of thought.
When it comes to reporting on environmental issues in Turkey, however, more hardships are added. For example, journalists face many problems in accessing information in the first place. In my experience, state institutions either withhold or conceal a lot of information. For instance, in Turkey there is a system called the Presidential Communication Center (CİMER). According to our constitution, we have the right to obtain information and can ask questions to the Presidency of Turkey to get information through this CİMER system, but my colleagues and I often did not receive the requested information. Even though we have such a legal right, in practice some information is withheld for arbitrary reasons. When reporting on environmental destruction for example, theoretically you are allowed to get access to the zoning plans and details about the area in question from public institutions. But when you apply for access to information via e-mail or through this particular system, you usually do not receive any information. Especially if it is a public institution or a company that is causing this destruction, I have not witnessed information which the public should know about being shared openly.
But the obstructions do not end with restricting access to information. Once you have access to accurate information, you may face various obstacles, be it from the negligent state institution or the company doing the environmental destruction.
To give another example, there is an issue that happened to me and my colleagues. Let’s say you researched the facts despite all the obstacles, and you obtained the right information and it was published. Still, the “access to the news” can be blocked for any reason by state bodies within a short period of time. It is then removed from the website and is (temporarily) no longer accessible for readers on the internet. Your objection is usually rejected. Afterwards, you may face numerous lawsuits which means you are constantly going to court, or you may receive threats. It is very easy to sue a journalist in Turkey. Even if your news is true, you can be prosecuted for many years and you have to go to the courthouse and police station to testify and defend yourself. Sometimes you can even witness that your news is censored by the organisation you work for.
Recently, we could observe the intensified use of Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPPs) to exhaust journalists who publish critical content. You also were targeted with a SLAPP aiming to intimidate you. What is your personal experience with SLAPPs after reporting cases of corruption and land appropriation? What are the effects of these repressive measures on environmental and urban journalism in Turkey?
Yes, I have faced numerous lawsuits due to my reporting on environmental and urban issues. Over the past five years, much of my time has been spent in court dealing with these cases. Initially, I believed these lawsuits were meant to just intimidate me, but they have now escalated into SLAPPs. In addition to claims of slander and defamation, I’ve been accused of various offences.
A lawsuit was filed against me based on a complaint from Fahrettin Altun, the Head of Communications at the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, alleging “identifying state officials on anti-terror duties as targets” and “violation of privacy.” In his complaint, Altun argued that his residence address and a photograph were used in the news article, making his home a potential target for terrorist groups and claiming a violation of his privacy. Consequently, the prosecutor issued an indictment seeking a prison term of up to 14 years. Subsequently, the photojournalist who captured the image for the news and the editorial managers who approved the article were also included in the same case.
However, from the outset, there is a peculiar aspect to this case. The Bosphorus holds significant importance for Turkey and is safeguarded by special laws to preserve its natural beauty. Oversight of these laws falls under the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, requiring authorisation for any activities in the Bosphorus vicinity.
In my article, without specifying Altun’s home address and without showing a photograph of his residence, I specifically mentioned the illegal gazebo and fireplace he built on the land he rented cheaply from the General Directorate of Foundations in Kuzguncuk, an important neighbourhood of the Bosphorus.
Furthermore, Fahrettin Altun does not hold the official capacity of a public official fighting against terrorism. Therefore, this lawsuit should not have been initiated in the first place. After a gruelling three-year trial, we were acquitted. The judge ruled that the elements of the alleged offence had not been established. Nonetheless, Altun and the prosecutor have appealed to a higher court, seeking to overturn the acquittal and impose a prison sentence. The case is currently pending an appeal. At the conclusion of this process, I could face imprisonment solely for reporting on the matter of illegal gazebos and fireplaces.
In fact, I consider all the lawsuits against me as SLAPPs because almost all of them were filed by the same lawyers in the last few years. I believe that the lawsuit filed by Bilal Erdoğan, the son of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, is one of them. I have been sued for “insult” and “slander” based on the news articles titled “Bilal Erdoğan’s lucky friend” and “Friend is rich in tenders”. The word “friend” in the headline was deemed insulting and the court imposed a fine. The fine was entered into my criminal record without waiting for the outcome of the appeal. I appealed the fine to the Constitutional Court and the case is currently before the Constitutional Court.
These legal processes are undoubtedly exhausting. In summary, it appears these court cases are intended to intimidate journalists.
But you continue reporting despite these hardships. Where do you see the impacts of your work?
I consider my work and that of my colleagues in the field of environment, urban, and climate to be very valuable. Our individual pieces are just like a drop, but when all our reporting, all our drops, come together, they form an ocean. As journalists in Turkey continue to write, the truth is revealed and history is recorded. The news that me and my colleagues have covered has made environmental destruction visible and revealed many truths.
Is there any mutual support and solidarity between environmental journalists?
Yes, although not all the media is in solidarity, there are many colleagues who are in solidarity with each other. I have witnessed solidarity from many colleagues and journalism organisations during my trials: They came to my hearings and stood by my side. I have also stood by many of my colleagues.
You also act as a mentor for young journalists. What do you tell them about the importance and urgency of this journalistic field? How do you keep them and yourself motivated to continue reporting against all odds and the slow development of common climate and environmental policies?
Correct, I usually mentor students who want to become journalists. I tell them how to access real information. At the same time, I tell them that they should listen to their conscience while doing this research. Most importantly, I tell them to never underestimate the climate crisis, especially when reporting on the environment and urban news, because those environmental destructions or urban corruption are definitely connected to the climate crisis in the big picture. Because the destruction of a forest triggers the climate crisis.
Our profession is journalism. And the path of journalism is a long one. I make news knowing that this is a long journey and I tell this to the students as well. I think that I am – and all journalists working in the field of environment are – the voice of many creatures such as trees and squirrels whose voices are not heard. The more I report, the bigger and more visible these voices become.