Feindbild Journalist:in 9: Press freedom amid societal crises
Executive Summary
New record high of physical attacks
The number of physical attacks increased further from 2023 to 2024. Following 69 cases in 2023, a total of 98 verified cases of physical assaults on journalists were recorded in 2024. This figure represents the highest number since the beginning of the long-term study in 2015. Thus, for the fifth consecutive year, the number of physical attacks remains significantly higher than in the period before the COVID-19 pandemic.
In addition to a baseline level of right-wing violence against journalists, restrictions on press freedom occurred in the past year particularly in the context of pro-Palestinian demonstrations linked to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. These included a high number of physical assaults on media professionals. Coverage of these demonstrations, which involve actors from different ideological backgrounds, is often only possible with appropriate protective measures.
Structurally, the far right continues to pose the greatest threat to press freedom in Germany. In 2024, the German Federal Ministry of the Interior recorded a new peak in far-right extremist offenses. Against the backdrop of a normalization of far-right ideologies – evident in record-breaking electoral results for the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party in local, state, and federal elections – there is a growing public acceptance of far-right agitation. This is also reflected in the increased mobilization capacity of the extra-parliamentary far right. In addition to physical assaults at far-right demonstrations and events, journalists face insults, defamation, and threats online. The AfD has also increasingly used the tactic of denying accreditation to disfavored media outlets and journalists. At the events themselves, journalists report experiencing harassment.
„The election results from last year once again show that the AfD is not elected despite its positions, but because of them. This includes the constant vilification of the media, which, far from harming them, appears to have no negative effect on their support. It can be assumed that, with this strengthened position and a record number of representatives, they will continue to intensify their attacks on critical media”, said Patrick Peltz, co-author of the study.
Most physical attacks on media workers occurred, as in 2023, in Berlin (62 cases), with the majority taking place at pro-Palestinian demonstrations in the capital. Following Berlin are Saxony with 10 cases and Bavaria with 7. Since the beginning of the long-term study in 2015, Saxony had always been the state with the highest number of attacks on media workers. However, Berlin has become the new leader since last year.
Focus on Local Journalism: Perception of Safety and Experiences of Threats by Local Journalists in Saxony and Thuringia
A study within the framework of the „Long-term Monitoring of Local Journalism“, a collaborative project of the Federal Association of Digital Publishers and Newspaper Publishers (BDZV) and the European Centre for Press and Media Freedom (ECPMF), examines the perception of safety and experiences of threats among local journalists in Saxony and Thuringia.
The aforementioned election results have further shifted the (municipal) political landscape in favor of the far right. As a result, local journalists, particularly but not exclusively in the eastern federal states, are increasingly confronted with elected officials and officeholders for whom media hostility is a central part of their political strategy. The high approval for the far right also shows that significant parts of the population in the reporting areas of many local journalists endorse or at least tolerate authoritarian views. In addition to the institutionalized far right, extra-parliamentary far right and conspiracy-theory-driven actors also contribute to the threat situation. Especially in the context of assemblies and events, they pose a danger to media workers – but private threats and intimidation are also not uncommon.
„Our research and numerous conversations with local journalists show that working conditions in local journalism have worsened significantly in recent years. From PEGIDA and its offshoots to the COVID-19 pandemic, to the ongoing radicalization of the AfD – journalists are generally facing increasing pressure. Many of them are confronted daily with media-hostile actors. Especially challenging for local journalists is the proximity to these actors, which not only extends to their professional environment but also reaches into their private lives. Local journalists often live in the communities they report on. A clear separation between professional and private life is then hardly possible – and that makes them particularly vulnerable,“ explains Patrick Peltz, the co-author of the study.
In addition, structural factors also play a role: staff shortages, high workloads, and limited financial resources make in-depth engagement with the extreme right at the local level more difficult, a challenge that increasingly becomes part of the daily routine for many local journalists. Investigative reporting and publications on contentious topics often result in significant additional effort – whether through legal disputes, waves of complaints, or targeted intimidation attempts. The combination of these factors leads to local journalists sometimes addressing certain topics less intensively or not at all.
Transnational Repression: Exiled Journalists in Germany
The study also shines light on the situation of exiled journalists in Germany for the first time. Against the backdrop of the globally observable rise of authoritarianism, many journalists are leaving their home countries to continue their work from exile. However, repression against journalists often does not end with their flight to exile – authoritarian regimes use targeted strategies to silence critical voices even beyond national borders. Transnational repression includes intimidation, surveillance, digital attacks, and, in some cases, even physical violence. Cases that have occurred in Germany demonstrate that these threats are not just theoretical, but are part of the daily reality for many exiled journalists. While Germany is a refuge for many media workers, significant professional challenges and security risks remain.
The personal accounts of two journalists show how intimidation can affect the private and professional lives of exiled journalists: journalists adjust their daily routines, limit their communication, and take security precautions. While some try to continue their work undisturbed, the constant threat leads others to live in a state of perpetual vigilance.
„Although concrete acts of violence against exiled journalists, such as the alleged poisoning attempt on Russian journalist Jelena Kostjutschenko in 2023 or the attack on Turkish journalist Erk Acarer in 2021, are relatively rare, authoritarian regimes use a variety of strategies, including digital attacks, to create a threat environment that is intended to permanently intimidate exiled journalists,“ says Patrick Peltz.
At the same time, there is a lack of institutional and media awareness in Germany regarding the risks faced by exiled journalists. In addition to state protection measures, there is also a need for greater awareness within newsrooms of the unique challenges that exiled journalists face
Focus on Countermeasures
In recent years, journalists, associations, media companies, and state institutions have responded to the increased threat landscape by establishing and expanding various security measures. Public broadcasters now offer some psychosocial counseling and support services, increasingly focusing on hate speech online. However, mental health remains a secondary concern in many newsrooms and media houses. Initiatives such as the Helpline target this issue and work on fostering a cultural change in newsrooms regarding the psychological stress faced by journalists through conversations and lectures. Additionally, new initiatives like the No SLAPP contact point were founded in 2024 to address the increase in abusive lawsuits against journalists.
State agencies, such as interior ministries and police authorities, continue to offer various protective measures, although the scope and quality of these can vary. In general, these measures should be continuously adapted to specific threat situations and evaluated.
„While state and non-state protective measures continue to be implemented and adapted, there are still gaps in protection and support. Among other things, the confidentiality option in the registration register for threatened journalists should be easier to implement, hate speech online should be more consistently prosecuted under criminal law, and the EU’s Anti-SLAPP Directive should be fully incorporated into German law. Additionally, there needs to be an open dialogue about mental health in all newsrooms, and freelance journalists must also be considered in all these protective measures,“ says Alina Haynert, the co-author of the study.
Key Findings of the Study in Numbers
Attacks at an All-Time High: With 98 physical attacks, the number of cases has reached its highest point since the start of the long-term study in 2015.
Demonstrations – The Most Dangerous Workplace: 76% of all cases occurred at demonstrations (74 out of 98 cases), with 77% of these at pro-Palestinian gatherings (57 out of 74 cases).
Focus on Berlin: Berlin, with 62 cases, is the most affected federal state.
Berlin Overtakes Saxony: With a total of 145 cases, Berlin has surpassed Saxony, the previous state with the most physical attacks on journalists.
Local Journalism Under Pressure: Restricted perception of safety and experienced threats among local journalists in Saxony and Thuringia, in the context of societal right-wing developments and precarious working conditions, impact their reporting.
Incidents in Local Journalism: Five physical and 13 non-physical attacks on local journalists.
Precarious Employment Conditions: In at least 39 cases, the attacked journalists were freelancers, who continue to face significant gaps in protection and support.
Overview 2015-2024: The ECPMF documented 488 cases.