Feindbild Journalist:in 10: Journalism between hostility and structural precarity
Executive Summary
Review of 2025
In 2025, at least 34 cases of physical attacks against journalists were verified. Following a peak of 98 cases in 2024, this marks the first time since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 that the number has fallen below pre-pandemic levels. The pandemic triggered a period of increased protest activity, shaped by actors exhibiting heightened hostility towards the media. As a result, these years saw a rise in physical attacks on media workers.
At the same time, the figure remains twice as high as in the four years prior to the pandemic, when an average of around 17 attacks per year were recorded. Only the first year of the observation period, marked by mobilisations around PEGIDA, showed a similarly high number with 44 attacks. In total, 127 cases of various forms of press freedom violations were published on Mapping Media Freedom (MapMF), while around 110 additional cases could not be conclusively verified.
While increases in case numbers can often be analysed in relation to specific contexts, decreases are more difficult to interpret. The study examines the physical attacks of the past year and discusses possible factors influencing these figures, including changes in the methodology of the Mapping Media Freedom platform, which has formed the basis of the data since 2024.
Ten years of Feindbild data (2015–2025)
The tenth edition of the study takes a systematic look at data from 2015 to 2025. Over this period, several patterns emerge. Physical attacks on journalists occur across Germany but are concentrated in specific regions and urban areas. Demonstrations remain by far the primary context in which such violence takes place. “Within this context, we observe a clear continuity of right-wing violence. It is rooted in an ideologically antagonistic and at the same time strategically instrumental relationship with the free press, and manifests over time in stable actor constellations and recurring mobilisation patterns,” says Patrick Peltz, head of the study.
Since 2020, a shift can also be observed: ideologically heterogeneous protest movements have gained importance as contexts of violence. The increase in cases that cannot be clearly attributed points to a growing diversification of anti-media narratives that extend beyond clearly defined political spectra. Recurring patterns are also evident in the forms of violence themselves, ranging from targeting and marking journalists as enemies to physical assaults and the deliberate destruction of journalistic equipment. Violence rarely appears as an isolated incident, but is typically embedded in escalation dynamics in which journalists are framed as representatives of a supposedly homogeneous “media” collective.
At the same time, the consequences of this violence are unevenly distributed. “Freelance journalists are structurally less protected, have fewer support mechanisms, and often have to bear the consequences of attacks on their own, which makes these incidents significantly more likely to threaten their livelihoods,” says Patrick Peltz. The data thus point not only to a security issue, but to a long-term strain on the professional conditions under which journalism is carried out.
Joint study: Strained journalism
The joint study “Strained Journalism” by ECPMF and the Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence at Bielefeld University focuses on journalists’ experiences of hostility and their working conditions. Based on a nationwide survey, the findings show that hostility is not a marginal phenomenon, but part of everyday professional life for many respondents. A large proportion report repeated incidents of hostility, both online and in face-to-face interactions. These experiences have tangible effects on journalistic practice, including the avoidance of certain topics or adjustments in reporting.
Structural changes further shape this reality. The vast majority of respondents report increasing workload pressure, rising economic constraints, and increasing professional demands. These developments are closely linked to key dimensions of journalistic practice. Respondents report, in part, reduced time for research, perceived declines in quality, and increasingly unstable career prospects. Considerations of leaving the profession are also reported in this context. In line with other studies, these findings point to an ongoing precarisation of the journalistic field. “The findings show that hostility occurs against a backdrop of already strained working conditions and acts as an additional factor reinforcing existing constraints on journalistic autonomy,” says Patrick Peltz.
Cyberattacks on media
Cyberattacks against media organisations in Germany are becoming more frequent and increasingly interfere with journalistic processes. They disrupt the availability of content, compromise data, and can involve targeted data exfiltration. As a result, not only individual media organisations are affected, but the infrastructure of public communication as a whole. In addition to direct economic damage, such as operational disruptions, recovery costs, and reputational losses, the analysis points to a deteriorating threat landscape shaped by geopolitical tensions, hybrid forms of attack, and growing digital dependencies. The range of actors involved includes criminal groups, ideologically motivated networks, and state or state-backed operations, while attribution often remains uncertain.
At the same time, many media organisations are structurally vulnerable, for example due to complex IT infrastructures and limited resources. The actual scale of cyberattacks against media is difficult to assess. “A significant share of attacks remains invisible, as many media organisations do not make incidents public due to concerns about reputational damage or further attacks. As a result, the actual threat landscape remains only partially visible,” says Jan Möllers, co-author of the study.
Implementation of the Anti-SLAPP Directive
The draft law implementing the EU Anti-SLAPP Directive in Germany marks an important step, but remains insufficient in its current form. If adopted, it would introduce the concept of SLAPP lawsuits into German law for the first time and address it procedurally. However, whether this will result in effective protection depends largely on whether existing gaps are closed. In its current form, domestic cases in particular remain largely unaddressed, meaning significant shortcomings are likely to persist. Structural factors such as the largely unregulated practice of cease-and-desist letters continue to pose a problem.