Threats to journalists, media workers and outlets come from a myriad of sources. Some are easy to track, others are cloaked in bureaucratic and legal processes aimed at obscuring scrutiny of attempts to undermine media pluralism and consolidate state power. Governments across Europe have perfected a way to target media freedom through the capture of independent media outlets and regulators. Whether this is done through back-door nationalisation through the sale of outlets to state-owned and controlled companies, or the actions of government-friendly regulators to abuse legal powers to silence critics or undermine independent ownership of outlets, the impact on media freedom is hard to track, but undeniable. Looking at examples from Slovenia, Hungary and Poland, this panel, chaired by the International Press Institute (IPI), looks to cast light on these processes that jeopardise media pluralism and plot its expansion across Europe.